Wriggly worm

Henry met his first earthworm today. The poor guy was wriggling on the doormat as we walked up to ring the doorbell at daycare. (sidenote: this is a common hazard of rainy Seattle weather as you often have to watch your step for beached worms). "We" placed him in the grass, rescuing him from almost certain demise. As we did, Henry tried out his new word, "wohm!".  When Faduma opened the door, he exclaimed "Wohm, Wohm!" and then said "Thank you, Mama!" ...and my heart melted.

That is all. Have a good night :)

Magpie in the house

Henry has turned into a regular magpie, pilfering and stashing treasures in all kinds of hidden places. Things mysteriously go missing and then I remember, "oh yeah, we have a toddler in the house".  Then it all makes sense in the way that toddlers make no sense at all, being the completely unpredictable creatures that they are. Latest missing item...my hairbrush. Eh well, that's what pony tails are for. Here's to life with silly toddlers and the magic they bring. Thanks for making our lives so interesting.

I love you my little magpie.

Up in the sky!

A little fun with toddler plane-spotting. Original photo courtesy of Dad.

Our son is obsessed with pointing out each plane that flies overhead. "MaHn!!", he exclaims. I'll always cherish those sweet first words.

Seas of pink

Diffuse, neuritic, dense core, fibrillary, primitive, compact, burned-out, cotton wool, fleecy, lakes -all ways to describe the morphologies of amyloid beta, the plaque-forming pathologic protein of Alzheimer's disease, in the brain. 

200X HE/LFB. Case with severe Alzheimer's pathology with back-to-back amyloid plaques comprising the majority of the field.  These dense, pink, fluffy spherical aggregates are surrounded by islands of vacuolated brain tissue with significant reactive astrocytosis (cells with plump, bright pink cytoplasm and visible processes).  

Reminds me of fluffy cotton candy...

Build a brain

Before we start, a little background...

At least 6 months of my second (and final) year of neuropathology fellowship focuses on the neuropathological work-up of dementia. The most common types we encounter are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy Body dementia; however, we have our fair share of other diverse entities including rare genetic disorders.

  

Our process involves soaking the brain in formalin fixative for at least 10 days to preserve the tissue. The brain is then embedded in a gelatin mold to stabilize the tissue for cutting into thin (3 to 4 mm thick), uniform sections. These sections are then laid out in order from front (anterior) to back (posterior) across several boards. 

The process of evaluating all aspects of the tissue that can be seen with the naked eye, followed by sampling of representative standard sections (those required to diagnose the three most common types of dementia noted above as well as other pathology) as well as any abnormal areas, is called gross examination or "grossing" the tissue.

4 mm thick coronal brain slices (anterior ~1/3 of right side of brain)

The sampled tissues are then processed, put onto glass slides, and stained for examination under the microscope. Sampling only accounts for probably ~5% of the brain tissue. Remaining tissues are stored in tidy glass jars as a part of our repository.

What happens if you have to go back to the previously cut and sampled brain? It is not infrequent in pathology that a specimen needs to be revisited for one reason or another in order to submit additional tissue. That is when the fun starts!

Previously sampled brain slices enjoy great freedom and entropy upon release from their jar.

For this particular case, I needed to re-examine possible lesions on the surface of the posterior, inferior frontal lobe and the posterior, superior temporal lobe. The best way to fully evaluate the surface again is to reconstruct the left half of the brain. Even though I only needed to put the anterior half together, I thought...why stop there? 

Reconstructed left half of brain (all cortical slices accounted for except for 3 overly fragmented slices)

I am in constant awe at the beauty of the human brain. Each case is a bit different and reveling in these structures never gets old.

I highly recommend reconstructing a brain to really hone your neuroanatomy skills! 

Cerebellum V1

Put a bird on it...

          

           Dark-eyed Junco atop cerebellar Purkinje cell dendritic arbor (Calbindin IHC, 200X)

  

Tiny Worlds

The stark black border of photos taken through the microscope with the crisp outline of the ocular and it's vivid contents imparts a sense of depth and utter "largeness" conjuring visions of far away and undiscovered planets. 

Seeing Spots

Bielschowsky silver stain. 400X magnification.
Aggregates of corpora amylacea in leptomeninges and molecular layer of cortex

Alpha-synculein IHC (for Lewy body [LB] detection -no LB's present). 400X magnification.
Numerous corpora amylacea in superficial cortex

Sidenote: Corpora amylacea (coined by Virchow in 1854 for appearance resembling starch granules) are polyglucosan  (carbohydrate-based) bodies that accumulate in the CNS with age and can be found within astrocytic processes and axons. These were found in the brain of a 90 year-old without cognitive impairment.